What was decided?
The is the founding document of the nation of Australia and sets out the rules of government. It can only be changed by a which requires the support of the Federal Government, as well as the support of voters in the majority of the States and an overall national majority.
The two provisions that were changed in the 1967 Referendum were Section 51 which divides power between the Federal Government and the State Governments and Section 127.
51. The Parliament shall, subject to this Constitution, have power to make laws for the peace, order, and good government of the Commonwealth with respect to:-
…(xxvi) The people of any race, other than the aboriginal people in any State, for whom it is necessary to make special laws.
…(xxvi) The people of any race, other than the aboriginal people in any State, for whom it is necessary to make special laws.
127. In reckoning the numbers of the people of the Commonwealth, or of a State or other part of the Commonwealth, aboriginal natives should not be counted.
The words ‘… other than the aboriginal people in any State…’ were removed from section 51(xxvi), which gave the Federal Government power to make laws for Indigenous Australians, rather than Indigenous people being governed on a state-by-state basis. For example, before the '67 Referendum, Indigenous people in NSW, Victoria and SA were able to and vote freely (from 1962), but those living in WA and QLD could not.
All of section 127 was removed, which meant that Indigenous people were a counted in the National Census and were considered a part of the Australian population.
What didn't happen?
Some common misconceptions regarding the '67 Referendum,
- It gave Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people the vote. Indigenous people were given the right to vote in federal election in Commonwealth Electoral Act was amended in 1962 and all State elections by 1965. However, being 'responsibilities of the state' meant that the 'freedom' Indigenous people were given, from marrying to owning property, and to voting, varied depending on state legislation.
Research for the former State History Centre South Australia, that not being a part of the National Census and the rampant discrimination at the time almost make the '67 Referendum seem like Indigenous Australians were gaining the right to vote,
"...If, in every other way, you were treated as if you didn't count, then why would you think you had the right to vote?" - It officially granted Indigenous people citizen rights. The Nationality and Citizenship Act 1948 gave automatic citizenship to all Australians previously deemed British subjects, which included Indigenous people. While many Indigenous people experienced discrimination in their everyday lives, by 1967 they were already legally considered as citizens.
- It gave equal rights in Australia. An article by states, "Even though the Referendum revealed a desire to extend equal rights to Indigenous people, the referendum did not guarantee equality. The Referendum gave the federal government the power to make laws for Indigenous people, but it did not require that those laws would ensure equality and would not be discriminatory".
The campaign for a referendum
The for the Federal Government to have control of Aboriginal affairs were raised soon after Federation. Protesters at the 1938 ‘Day of Mourning’ (26 January) demanded 'a national policy for Aborigines' and 'Commonwealth government control of all Aboriginal affairs'.
In 1957, the Aboriginal-Australian Fellowships launched a drawing Government attention to the ‘political social and economic’ disadvantages suffered by Indigenous people at the Sydney Town Hall. The petition called Constitutional change as a starting point to bring about equal human rights for Indigenous people.
Several other petitions were also circulated and by the 1962-1963 campaign over 100,000 signatures had been gathered by volunteers.
In 1964, the was brought to the Federal Government by the Labor Opposition. The Federal Council for the Advancement of Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders (FCAATSI), including prominent campaigners Faith Bandler and Pastor among others, continued to lobby for the change. The debate continued until 1967 when a referendum was announced.
Bishop Garnsey, Faith and Lilon Bandler campaigning for a YES vote, 1967 Source: Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies/Audio Visual Archive
Convincing the public
The efforts to educate the public about the need for a referendum had already begun with the petitions campaign.
The of all major parties aided the Government in advocating for a ‘YES’ vote. The usual practice of presenting both sides of the debate was abandoned and a ‘NO’ case was never included as part of the official presentation. Many churches, community groups and journalists also joined their voices in support.
The Federal Council for the Advancement of Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders (FCAATSI) set up a national ‘Vote YES’ with state directors appointed to increase public awareness. Aboriginal spokespeople continued to gain increasing media coverage over the course of the campaign.
A driving force for an overwhelming YES vote was to put pressure on the Federal Government to use its new power to provide positive policies for Indigenous people.
A Federal Council for the Advancement of Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders (FCAATSI) poster Source: National Library of Australia
On the 27th of May 1967 the public went to the polls. They returned the highest ever YES vote for a referendum with of Australians in support.
While approximately ten thousand Indigenous Australians voted, many were as the citizens of the Northern Territory and the Australian Capital Territory were not given a vote.
What did it achieve?
The campaign itself drew public attention to the treatment of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people as second-class citizens. It also highlighted the disparities between the civil rights granted to Indigenous people in different states. In , Indigenous people could choose who they married in three of the six states and legally own property in NSW only.
The referendum was referred to as 'the moment of truth whether the white people really are interested in our welfare or rights' by Charles Perkins, the Vice-President of FCAATSI.
The referendum win also had an important symbolic value and was seen by many Australians as a recognition of Aboriginal people as full citizens. It is also a symbol of Indigenous advocacy and was followed by further attempts to challenge the Indigenous affairs policy such as the 1972 Aboriginal Tent Embassy and the land rights movement.
'Winning the referendum is an important step forwards - but it is only a first step… the government is showing no hurry to legislate for us on education, housing, wages, trade training, land grants and many other things we need' declared FCAATSI president Joe McGinness.
Granting the Federal Government the authority to make laws for Indigenous Australians eventually saw new policies developed. By the end of 1967 a Council for Aboriginal Affairs was and many welfare based programs and a Commission into land rights were later introduced under the .
However has been raised about the effectiveness of the referendum in improving the situation of Indigenous Australians. There also continue to be over the lack of consultation between the Federal Government and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people with regards to Indigenous Affairs policies.
